---
title: "Timeline"
url: https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/
lang: en
work: "The Smud Family: A Jewish Family History from Ludza, Latvia to Entre Ríos, Argentina"
author: "Mateo Smud"
licence: CC0-1.0
summary: ""
---
# Timeline

- **c. 1725 (unverified) — The oldest name in the published tree.** Family trees published online start the lineage with Leizer Zhmuydya, in Lithuania. None of the three generations before Falk has a supporting document yet. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1725-leizer
- **c. 1797 — Falk Zhmood is born.** Falk Zhmood is born, the oldest documented ancestor of the direct line. His name reaches us through a single word in the 1858 census: “Falikov”, son of Falik. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1797-nace-falk
- **c. 1818 — David Zmud is born in Ludza.** David Zmud is born in Ludza. He is the one who will make the journey south. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1818-nace-david
- **1846 — David leaves Ludza.** David leaves Ludza (Lutzin). With other Jewish families from the same area he moves to the agricultural colonies the Russian government had opened in what is now Ukraine. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1846-salida-de-ludza
- **c. 1850 — The family settles in the colony.** The family is now settled in Novy Zlatopol, a Jewish agricultural colony in Ekaterinoslav province. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1850-novy-zlatopol
- **1858 — The colony census.** On 26 May the colony census is taken. It records David, aged 40, and his whole household: his sons —among them Koppel, aged 20— and Koppel's wife, Dvorka. It is the oldest document we have. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1858-censo
- **c. 1860/68 — Felix is born.** Felix is born, son of Koppel and Dvorka. We do not have his birth record: it is the largest gap in the research. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1860-nace-felix
- **1880 — David dies.** David dies in Andreyevka. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1880-muere-david
- **c. 1896 — Felix and Malke marry in Berdyansk.** Felix marries Malke Noel in Berdyansk, a port on the Sea of Azov. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1896-casamiento
- **1897 — Alejandro is born.** On 11 March Alejandro is born in Berdyansk. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1897-nace-alejandro
- **1899 — The Mariupol birth record.** On 25 January Meyer —later Marcos— is born, and his birth is recorded at the Mariupol synagogue. The record names three generations: the child, his father Falik and his grandfather Kopel. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1899-partida-mariupol
- **c. 1900 — Koppel dies.** Koppel dies in Andreyevka. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1900-muere-koppel
- **1904 — The war with Japan and Aida's birth.** War breaks out between Russia and Japan and Felix is mobilised. In the last week of July, Eide —Aida— is born in Berdyansk. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1904-guerra-y-aida
- **August 1904 — Malke leaves Berdyansk with the three children.** Malke leaves Berdyansk with the three children. They cross southern Russia and central Europe to the port of Bremen, by cart and probably by train for some stretch. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1904-salida-berdyansk
- **October 1904 — Sailing from Bremen on the Borkum.** They sail from Bremen in third class. The ship crosses the Atlantic, calling at Lisbon, the Canary Islands, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1904-bremen
- **23 December 1904 — The ship docks in Buenos Aires.** The ship docks in the port of Buenos Aires before dawn. In the immigration register the surname is written “Smud or Smod”. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1904-llegada
- **mid-1905 — Felix lands.** Felix lands in Buenos Aires. To keep his promise to join his family he had had to desert the army. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1905-felix-desembarca
- **c. 1908 (family memory) — Malke returns to Russia with Aida.** Four years after crossing the Atlantic, Malke went back to Russia with Aida, presumably to visit relatives. The only trace of that trip is a photograph from 1908, taken on their return, in which she sits with the three children. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1908-viaje-a-rusia
- **c. 1909 — Felix dies.** Felix dies of tuberculosis contracted at the front. He was a little over forty and had been in the country for four years. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1909-muere-felix
- **c. 1915 — Malke dies and the siblings move to Entre Ríos.** Malke dies. The three siblings —Alejandro, Marcos and Aida— move to the province of Entre Ríos. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1915-muere-malke
- **1920 — Alejandro marries Isabel Loyber.** Alejandro marries Isabel Loyber, niece of the owner of the Maciá general store where he worked. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1920-casamiento-alejandro
- **c. 1922 — Marcos marries Esther Klaiserburd.** Marcos marries Esther Klaiserburd. He lives in Aranguren and in Ramírez. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1922-casamiento-marcos
- **1926 — The store opposite the station.** Alejandro sets up on his own opposite the railway station. In October, Aida marries Pablo Freiberg. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1926-macia
- **1951 — Marcos dies.** Marcos dies. His gravestone, in Paraná, preserves his Hebrew name and his father's. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1951-muere-marcos
- **1959 — Alejandro dies.** Alejandro dies, aged sixty-two. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1959-muere-alejandro
- **1992 — Aida dies, the last of the three.** Aida dies, aged eighty-eight. She was the last of the three siblings. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1992-muere-aida
- **1996 — Rubén types three pages.** In October, Rubén —Alejandro's son— types three pages with what Alejandro, Aida and a cousin had told him. Almost everything he wrote down from memory was later confirmed by documents no one could consult at the time. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-1996-documento-ruben
- **2026 — The circle closes.** Thirty years after Rubén's text, the original documents come to light. The Mariupol record closes the circle: the Meyer in the synagogue register and the Marcos on the Paraná gravestone are the same boy. In August this research is published. — https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/timeline/#e-2026-publicacion

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The Smud Family · genealogical research by Mateo Smud, published under CC0 1.0. Machine index: https://smud.mateosmud.xyz/en/llms.txt