Name variants

The surname

Of the 12 Latin-alphabet forms we know, 3 are dated: they are the ones written in a document we have seen. The others exist and are useful for searching, but no document of this research shows them.

1. Zmud1858ЗмудThe 1858 censusIn a document
2. Zhmoodno documentary dateZmood · ZhmootThe form used by English-language genealogical reconstructions —starting with Chaim Freedman's— for the family in the southern Ukrainian colonies. On this site it is the surname of that generation's entries, but it is not written this way in any of this research's archival documents.Recorded form
3. Zhmud1899Жмудь · ЖмудMarcos's birth recordIn a document
4. Zhmuydyano documentary dateZhmudya · ZhmuydaThe form under which family trees published online name the line's oldest ancestors —Leizer, Yehuda and Alexander— and David. No document of this research shows it: the 1858 census writes Zmud.Recorded form
5. Smud1904Smod · SmutThe 1904 immigration registerIn a document

Other recorded forms

• Zhmuyd

In CyrillicЗмуд · Жмудь · Жмудя · Жмуд

They are all the same word. It comes from Žemaitija (Samogitia), a region of Lithuania that the Slavic languages called Żmudź. But that does not turn this table into a list of relatives. Many people left Samogitia and many ended up with this same word, and there are surnames of other origins —Croatian, Polish, Czech— that came to be written the same way.

Where the word comes from, how it changed from document to document, and what it does not prove

Filter the tables

People

Places

The Russian Empire provinces named here —Ekaterinoslav, Taurida, Vitebsk— no longer exist under those names. Their territory is now divided between Ukraine, Latvia and Belarus.